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TECHNICAL PAPERS

# Modeling and Analysis of Transient Behavior of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles

[+] Author and Article Information
Ivan Arsie

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Salerno - Italy, Via Ponte don Melillo 1, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italyiarsie@unisa.it

Alfonso Di Domenico

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Salerno - Italy, Via Ponte don Melillo 1, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italyadidomenico@unisa.it

Cesare Pianese

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Salerno - Italy, Via Ponte don Melillo 1, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italypianese@unisa.it

Marco Sorrentino

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Salerno - Italy, Via Ponte don Melillo 1, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italymsorrentino@unisa.it

J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol 4(3), 261-271 (Sep 09, 2006) (11 pages) doi:10.1115/1.2743071 History: Received July 21, 2005; Revised September 09, 2006

## Abstract

The paper focuses on the simulation of a hybrid vehicle with proton exchange membrane fuel cell as the main energy conversion system. A modeling structure has been developed to perform accurate analysis for powertrain and control system design. The models simulate the dynamics of the main powertrain elements and fuel cell system to give a sufficient description of the complex interaction between each component under real operating conditions. A control system based on a multilevel scheme has also been introduced and the complexity of control issues for hybrid powertrains have been discussed. This study has been performed to analyze the energy flows among powertrain components. The results highlight that optimizing these systems is not a trivial task and the use of precise models can improve the powertrain development process. Furthermore, the behavior of system state variables and the influence of control actions on fuel cell operation have also been analyzed. In particular, the effect of introducing a rate limiter on the stack power has been investigated, evidencing that a $2kW∕s$ rate limiter increased the system efficiency by 10% while reducing the dynamic performance of the powertrain in terms of speed error.

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## Figures

Figure 2

Schematic description of PEM fuel cell

Figure 3

Comparison between experiments and model estimations for the data set used to identify and test the electrochemical model (i.e., Eqs. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8) (14)

Figure 4

Scheme of fuel cell stack and auxiliaries

Figure 5

Electric schematic of the hybrid FC powertrain

Figure 6

Equivalent circuit of the battery pack: (a) discharge; (b) charge

Figure 7

Variation of battery internal resistance in charging and discharging as function of state of charge (38)

Figure 8

VMU control map

Figure 9

Target velocity profile. The profile corresponds to a sequence of highway, urban/suburban, highway, suburban/urban, highway routes

Figure 10

Power contributions during the urban route—with rate limiter

Figure 11

Power contributions during the highway route—with rate limiter

Figure 12

Power contributions during the urban route—without rate limiter

Figure 13

Power contributions during the highway route—without rate limiter

Figure 14

State of charge variation for the whole journey with (upper) and without (lower) rate limiter

Figure 15

Efficiency/net-power domains

Figure 16

Efficiencies cumulative curves

Figure 17

Comparison between membrane water content with and without rate limiter

Figure 1

Energy flows of the fuel cell powertrain and corresponding multilevel control actions. Rectangular boxes indicate the main physical components of the powertrain; rounded-corners boxes indicate control/logic actions; the circle represents the electrical node.

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