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Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology | Volume 4 | Issue 4 | TECHNICAL PAPERS
TECHNICAL PAPERS

Gas Turbine Assessment for Air Management of Pressurized SOFC/GT Hybrid Systems

[+] Author and Article Information
Alberto Traverso

Thermochemical Power Group, University of Genova, via Montallegro 1, 16145 Genova, Italyalberto.traverso@unige.it

Aristide Massardo

Thermochemical Power Group, University of Genova, via Montallegro 1, 16145 Genova, Italy

Rory A. Roberts, Scott Samuelsen

National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3550

Jack Brouwer

National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3550jb@nfcrc.uci.edu

J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol 4(4), 373-383 (Jun 09, 2006) (11 pages) doi:10.1115/1.2714567 History: Received November 29, 2005; Revised June 09, 2006
Article
References
Figures
Tables
Citing Articles

This paper analyzes and compares transient and steady-state performance characteristics of different types of single-shaft turbo-machinery for controlling the air through a pressurized solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack that is integrated into a SOFC/GT pressurized hybrid system. Analyses are focused on the bottoming part of the cycle, where the gas turbine (GT) has the role of properly managing airflow to the SOFC stack for various loads and at different ambient conditions. Analyses were accomplished using two disparate computer programs, which each modeled a similar SOFC/GT cycle using identical generic gas turbine performance maps. The models are shown to provide consistent results, and they are used to assess: (1) the influence of SOFC exhaust composition on expander behavior for on-design conditions, (2) the off-design performance of the bypass, bleed, and variable speed controls for various part-load conditions and for different ambient conditions; (3) the features of such controls during abrupt transients such as load trip and bypass/bleed valve failure. The results show that a variable speed microturbine is the best option for off-design operation of a SOFC/GT hybrid system. For safety measures a bleed valve provides adequate control of the system during load trip. General specifications for a radial GT engine for integration with a 550kW pressurized SOFC stack are identified, which allow operation under a wide range of ambient conditions as well as several different cycle configurations.
Copyright © 2007 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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References

1
Roberts, R. A., and Brouwer, J., 2005, “Dynamic Simulation of a Pressurized 220kW Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid System: Modeled Performance Compared to Measured Results,” J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol., in review.
2
Roberts, R. A., , 2005, “Development of Controls for Dynamic Operation of Carbonate Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems,” ASME Paper No. GT2005-68774.
3
Magistri, L., Traverso, A., Cerutti, F., Bozzolo, M., Costamagna, P., and Massardo, A. F., 2005, “Modelling of Pressurised Hybrid Systems Based on Integrated Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IP-SOFC) Technology,” Topical Issue “Modelling of Fuel Cell Systems,” "Fuel Cells", Vol. 5 , No. 1, Wiley-VCH VerlagGmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.
4
Ferrari, M., Traverso, A., and Massardo, A. F., 2005, “Control System For Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems,” ASME Paper No. 2005-GT-68102.
5
Litzinger, K. P., Veyo, S. E., Shockling, L. A., and Lundberg, W. L., 2005, “Comparative Evaluation of SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid System Options,” ASME Paper No. GT2005-68909.
6
Agnew, G. D., Bozzolo, M., Moritz, R. R., and Berenyi, S., 2005, “The Design and Integration of the Rolls-Royce Fuel Cell Systems 1MW SOFC,” ASME Paper No. GT2005-69122.
7
Roberts, R. A., 2005, “A Dynamic Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid Simulation Methodology to Establish Control Strategies and an Improved Balance of Plant,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Irvine, CA.
8
Roberts, R. A., , 2003, “Inter-Laboratory Dynamic Modelling of a Carbonate Fuel Cell for Hybrid,” ASME Paper No. GT2003-38774.
9
Traverso, A., 2004, “TRANSEO: A New Simulation Tool For Transient Analysis Of Innovative Energy Systems,” Ph.D. thesis, TPG-DiMSET, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
10
Traverso, A., 2005, “TRANSEO Code For The Dynamic Simulation Of Micro Gas Turbine Cycles,” ASME Paper No. 2005-GT-68101.
11
Traverso, A., Scarpellini, R., and Massardo, A. F., 2005, “Experimental Results And Dynamic Model Validation Of An Externally Fired Micro Gas Turbine,” ASME Paper No. 2005-GT-68100.
12
Tucker, D., Lawson, L., and Gemmen, R., 2005, “Characterisation of Air Flow Management and Control in a Fuel Cell Turbine Hybrid Power System Using Hardware Simulation,” ASME Paper No. PWR2005-50127.

Figures

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+Air flow rate through the regulating valve (zero for the case of variable N) versus time
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Air flow rate through the regulating valve (zero for the case of variable N) versus time
Figure 24

Air flow rate through the regulating valve (zero for the case of variable N) versus time

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+Basic schematic of a single shaft radial compressor and turbine
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Basic schematic of a single shaft radial compressor and turbine
Figure 1

Basic schematic of a single shaft radial compressor and turbine

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+(a) Compressor pressure ratio versus corrected mass flow (nondimensional); and (b) compressor efficiency versus pressure ratio (nondimensional)
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(a) Compressor pressure ratio versus corrected mass flow (nondimensional); and (b) compressor efficiency versus pressure ratio (nondimensional)
Figure 2

(a) Compressor pressure ratio versus corrected mass flow (nondimensional); and (b) compressor efficiency versus pressure ratio (nondimensional)

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+Surge margin for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
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Surge margin for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
Figure 9

Surge margin for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures

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+Microturbine speed for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
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Microturbine speed for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
Figure 10

Microturbine speed for 15°C and various pressures (atm)

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+Microturbine power for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
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Microturbine power for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
Figure 11

Microturbine power for 15°C and various pressures (atm)

Grahic Jump Location
+Bypassed percent mass flow for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
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Bypassed percent mass flow for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
Figure 12

Bypassed percent mass flow for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures

Grahic Jump Location
+Microturbine power for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
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Microturbine power for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
Figure 13

Microturbine power for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures

Grahic Jump Location
+High-pressure recuperator exit temperature for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
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High-pressure recuperator exit temperature for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
Figure 14

High-pressure recuperator exit temperature for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures

Grahic Jump Location
+Bypassed percent mass flow for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
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Bypassed percent mass flow for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
Figure 15

Bypassed percent mass flow for 15°C and various pressures (atm)

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+Microturbine power for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
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Microturbine power for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
Figure 16

Microturbine power for 15°C and various pressures (atm)

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+(a) Turbine expansion ratio versus corrected mass flow (nondimensional); and (b) turbine efficiency versus expansion ratio (nondimensional)
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(a) Turbine expansion ratio versus corrected mass flow (nondimensional); and (b) turbine efficiency versus expansion ratio (nondimensional)
Figure 3

(a) Turbine expansion ratio versus corrected mass flow (nondimensional); and (b) turbine efficiency versus expansion ratio (nondimensional)

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+SOFC/GT hybrid system schematic
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SOFC/GT hybrid system schematic
Figure 4

SOFC/GT hybrid system schematic

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+VI curve for the single-cell SOFC model
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VI curve for the single-cell SOFC model
Figure 5

VI curve for the single-cell SOFC model

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+Speed of microturbine for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
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Speed of microturbine for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
Figure 6

Speed of microturbine for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures

Grahic Jump Location
+Microturbine power for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
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Microturbine power for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
Figure 7

Microturbine power for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures

Grahic Jump Location
+High-pressure recuperator exit temperature for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
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High-pressure recuperator exit temperature for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
Figure 8

High-pressure recuperator exit temperature for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures

Grahic Jump Location
+Bleed percent mass flow for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
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Bleed percent mass flow for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
Figure 17

Bleed percent mass flow for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures

Grahic Jump Location
+Microturbine power for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
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Microturbine power for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures
Figure 18

Microturbine power for 1atm pressure and various ambient temperatures

Grahic Jump Location
+Bleed percent mass flow for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
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Bleed percent mass flow for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
Figure 19

Bleed percent mass flow for 15°C and various pressures (atm)

Grahic Jump Location
+Microturbine power for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
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Microturbine power for 15°C and various pressures (atm)
Figure 20

Microturbine power for 15°C and various pressures (atm)

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+Delivery pressure at compressor exit for standard control cases (Tamb=15°C and Pamb=1atm)
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Delivery pressure at compressor exit for standard control cases (Tamb=15°C and Pamb=1atm)
Figure 21

Delivery pressure at compressor exit for standard control cases (Tamb=15°C and Pamb=1atm)

Grahic Jump Location
+Microturbine rotational speed versus time
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Microturbine rotational speed versus time
Figure 22

Microturbine rotational speed versus time

Grahic Jump Location
+Trace of the compressor operating point in the nondimensional mass flow–compression ratio map
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Trace of the compressor operating point in the nondimensional mass flow–compression ratio map
Figure 23

Trace of the compressor operating point in the nondimensional mass flow–compression ratio map

Grahic Jump Location
+Air flow rate in the recuperator cold side versus time
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Air flow rate in the recuperator cold side versus time
Figure 25

Air flow rate in the recuperator cold side versus time

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