Abstract
Heavy liquid metal (HLM) cooled systems are under wide investigation and development. The technology needs to study the materials corrosion, which has a different progress than corrosion caused by aqueous media. Improvement of the corrosion resistance can be achieved by alloying the bare material, but the degradation of steels continues with less or more intensity. Deposition of protective barrier may reduce the metals dissolution and diffusion of liquid lead into the steel substrate. Different types of surface treatment and coatings composition were evaluated to find out the most convenient solution for the steel's protection.
Issue Section:
Review Article
References
1.
Hojná
,
A.
,
Halodová
,
P.
,
Rozumová
,
L.
,
Chocholoušek
,
M.
, and
Špirit
,
Z.
, 2020
, “
Environmentally Assisted Cracking of the T91 in Heavy Liquid Metals
,” Corros. Rev.
,
38
(2
), pp. 183
–194
.10.1515/corrrev-2019-00352.
Müller
,
G.
,
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Konys
,
J.
,
Schumacher
,
G.
,
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Zimmermann
,
F.
,
Engelko
,
V.
,
Rusanov
,
A.
, and
Markov
,
V.
, 2002
, “
Results of Steel Corrosion Tests in Flowing Liquid Pb/Bi at 420-600 °C After 200 h
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
301
(1
), pp. 40
–46
.10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00725-53.
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Aoto
,
K.
,
Müller
,
G.
,
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Schumacher
,
G.
, and
Furukawa
,
T.
, 2006
, “
Behaviour of Chromium Steels in Liquid Pb-55.5Bi With Changing Oxygen Content and Temperature
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
358
(1
), pp. 69
–76
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.07.0014.
Kimura
,
A.
,
Kasada
,
R.
,
Iwata
,
N.
,
Kishimoto
,
H.
,
Zhang
,
C. H.
,
Isselin
,
J.
,
Dou
,
P.
,
Lee
,
J. H.
,
Muthukumar
,
N.
,
Okuda
,
T.
,
Inoue
,
M.
,
Ukai
,
S.
,
Ohnuki
,
S.
,
Fujisawa
,
T.
, and
Abe
,
T. F.
, 2011
, “
Development of Al Added high-Cr ODS Steels for Fuel Cladding of Next Generation Nuclear Systems
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
417
(1–3
), pp. 176
–179
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.3005.
Tan
,
L.
,
Machut
,
M. T.
,
Sridharan
,
K.
, and
Allen
,
T. R.
, 2007
, “
Corrosion Behavior of a Ferritic/Martensitic Steel HCM12A Exposed to Harsh Environments
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
371
(1–3
), pp. 161
–170
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.05.0016.
Lim
,
J.
,
Hwang
,
I. S.
, and
Kim
,
J. H.
, 2013
, “
Design of Alumina Forming FeCrAl Steels for Lead or Lead-Bismuth Cooled Fast Reactors
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
441
(1–3
), pp. 650
–660
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.04.0067.
Yano
,
Y.
,
Yamashita
,
S.
,
Ohtsuka
,
S.
,
Kaito
,
T.
,
Akasaka
,
N.
,
Shibayama
,
T.
,
Watanabe
,
S.
, and
Takahashi
,
H.
, 2010
, “
Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Stability of 11Cr-Ferritic/Martensitic Steel Cladding Under Irradiation
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
398
(1–3
), pp. 59
–63
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.0108.
Tsisar
,
V.
,
Schroer
,
C.
,
Wedemeyer
,
O.
,
Skrypnik
,
A.
, and
Konys
,
J.
, 2014
, “
Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Steels 1.4970, 316 L and 1.4571 in Flowing LBE at 450 and 550 °C With 10−7 Mass% Dissolved Oxygen
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
454
(1–3
), pp. 332
–342
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.08.0249.
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Weisenburger
,
A.
, and
Müller
,
G.
, 2014
, “
Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Steels in Liquid Lead Bismuth Containing 10−6 wt% and 10−8 wt% Oxygen at 400-500 °C
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
448
(1–3
), pp. 163
–171
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.01.04610.
Gnecco
,
F.
,
Ricci
,
E.
,
Bottino
,
C.
, and
Passerone
,
A.
, 2004
, “
Corrosion Behavior of Steels in Lead-Bismuth at 823 K
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
335
(2
), pp. 185
–188
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.07.01311.
Lambrinou
,
K.
,
Koch
,
V.
,
Coen
,
G.
,
Van den Bosch
,
J.
, and
Schroer
,
C.
, 2014
, “
Corrosion Scales on Various Steels After Exposure to Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
450
(1–3
), pp. 244
–255
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.09.03412.
Del Giacco
,
M.
,
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Jianu
,
A.
,
Lang
,
F.
, and
Mueller
,
G.
, 2012
, “
Influence of Composition and Microstructure on the Corrosion Behavior of Different Fe-Cr-Al Alloys in Molten LBE
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
421
(1–3
), pp. 39
–46
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.11.04913.
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Jianu
,
A.
,
Doyle
,
S.
,
Bruns
,
M.
,
Fetzer
,
R.
,
Heinzel
,
A.
,
DelGiacco
,
M.
,
An
,
W.
, and
Müller
,
G.
, 2013
, “
Oxide Scales Formed on Fe-Cr-Al-Based Model Alloys Exposed to Oxygen Containing Molten Lead
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
437
(1–3
), pp. 282
–292
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.02.04414.
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Müller
,
G.
,
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Jianu
,
A.
,
Muscher
,
H.
, and
Kieser
,
M.
, 2011
, “
Corrosion, Al Containing Corrosion Barriers and Mechanical Properties of Steels Foreseen as Structural Materials in Liquid Lead Alloy Cooled Nuclear Systems
,” Nucl. Eng. Des.
,
241
(5
), pp. 1329
–1334
.10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.08.00515.
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Kondo
,
M.
, and
Takahashi
,
M.
, 2006
, “
Corrosion of Steels With Surface Treatment and Al-Alloying by GESA Exposed in Lead-Bismuth
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
350
(3
), pp. 264
–270
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.01.01416.
Engelko
,
V.
,
Mueller
,
G.
,
Rusanov
,
A.
,
Markov
,
V.
,
Tkachenko
,
K.
,
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Kashtanov
,
A.
,
Chikiryaka
,
A.
, and
Jianu
,
A.
, 2011
, “
Surface Modification/Alloying Using Intense Pulsed Electron Beam as a Tool for Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Steels Exposed to Heavy Liquid Metals
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
415
(3
), pp. 270
–275
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.04.03017.
Majumdar
,
S.
,
Borgohain
,
A.
, and
Kain
,
V.
, 2019
, “
Interaction Between Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic and Aluminized Inconel 625 Superalloy at 600 and 850 °C
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
518
, pp. 54
–61
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.02.04618.
Jain
,
U.
,
Mukherjee
,
A.
,
Sonak
,
S.
,
Kumar
,
S.
,
Mishra
,
R.
, and
Krishnamurthy
,
N.
,” 2014
, “
Interaction of Alumina With Liquid Pb83Li17 Alloy
,” Fusion Eng. Des.
,
89
(11
), pp. 2554
–2558
.10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.06.00719.
Sun
,
C.
,
Zhou
,
X.
, and
Xie
,
C.
, 2019
, “
Effect of Processing Conditions on Al-Based Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Coating by Cold-Spraying
,” Surf. Coat. Tech.
,
362
, pp. 97
–104
.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.09620.
Miorin
,
E.
,
Montagner
,
F.
,
Zin
,
V.
,
Giuranno
,
D.
,
Ricci
,
E.
,
Pedroni
,
M.
,
Spampinato
,
V.
,
Vassallo
,
E.
, and
Deambrosis
,
S. M.
, 2019
a, “
Al Rich PVD Protective Coatings: A Promising Approach to Prevent T91 Steel Corrosion in Stagnant Liquid Lead
,” Surf. Coat. Tech.
,
377
, p. 124890
.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.12489021.
Vassallo
,
E.
,
Pedroni
,
M.
,
Spampinato
,
V.
,
Deambrosis
,
S. M.
,
Miorin
,
E.
,
Ricci
,
E.
, and
Zin
,
V.
, 2018
, “
Effect of Alumina Coatings on Corrosion Protection of Steels in Molten Lead
,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol
,
36
, p. 01A105.10.1116/1.499328622.
Ferré
,
F. G.
,
Mairov
,
A.
,
Iadicicco
,
D.
,
Vanazzi
,
M.
,
Bassini
,
S.
,
Utili
,
M.
,
Tarantino
,
M.
,
Bragaglia
,
M.
,
Lamastra
,
F. R.
,
Nanni
,
F.
,
Ceseracciu
,
L.
,
Serruys
,
Y.
,
Trocellier
,
P.
,
Beck
,
L.
,
Sridharan
,
K.
,
Beghi
,
M. G.
, and
Di Fonzo
,
F.
, 2017
, “
Corrosion and Radiation Resistant Nanoceramic Coatings for Lead Fast Reactors
,” Corr. Sci.
,
124
, pp. 80
–92
.10.1016/j.corsci.2017.05.01123.
Lorusso
,
P.
,
Bassini
,
S.
,
Del Nevo
,
A.
,
Piazza
,
I. D.
,
Giannetti
,
F.
,
Tarantino
,
M.
, and
Utili
,
M.
, 2018
, “
GEN-IV LFR Development: Status & Perspectives
,” Prog. Nucl. Energy
,
105
, pp. 318
–331
.10.1016/j.pnucene.2018.02.00524.
Ferré
,
F. G.
,
Ormellese
,
M.
,
Fonzo
,
F. D.
, and
Beghi
,
M. G.
, 2013
, “
Advanced Al2O3 Coatings for High Temperature Operation of Steels in Heavy Liquid Metals: A Preliminary Study
,” Corr. Sci.
,
77
, pp. 375
–378
.10.1016/j.corsci.2013.07.03925.
Ferré
,
F. G.
,
Bertarelli
,
E.
,
Chiodoni
,
A.
,
Carnelli
,
D.
,
Gastaldi
,
D.
,
Vena
,
P.
,
Beghi
,
M. G.
, and
Fonzo
,
F. D.
, 2013
, “
The Mechanical Properties of a Nanocrystalline Al2O3/a-Al2O3 Composite Coating Measured by Nanoindentation and Brillouin Spectroscopy
,” Acta. Mater.
,
61
(7
), pp. 2662
–2670
.10.1016/j.actamat.2013.01.05026.
Kasada
,
R.
, and
Dou
,
P.
, 2013
, “
Sol-Gel Composite Coatings as Anti-Corrosion Barrier for Structural Materials of Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Cooled Fast Reactor
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
440
(1–3
), pp. 647
–653
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.06.01427.
Dou
,
P.
, and
Kasada
,
P.
, 2011
, “
Preliminary Study on Nano- and Micro-Composite Sol-Gel Based Alumina Coatings on Structural Components of Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
409
(3
), pp. 177
–182
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.11.02228.
Zhang
,
K.
,
Deng
,
J.
,
Guo
,
X.
,
Sun
,
L.
, and
Lei
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Study on the Adhesion and Tribological Behavior of PVD TiAlN Coatings With a Multi-Scale Textured Substrate Surface
,” Int. J. Refrac. Metal Hard Mater.
,
72
, pp. 292
–305
.10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.01.00329.
Kurata
,
Y.
,
Futakawa
,
M.
, and
Saito
,
S.
, 2004
, “
Corrosion Behavior of Al-Surface-Treated Steels in Liquid Pb-Bi in a Pot
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
335
(3
), pp. 501
–507
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.08.00430.
Rivai
,
A. K.
, and
Takahashi
,
M.
, 2010
, “
Corrosion Investigation of Al-Fe-Coated Steels, High Cr Steels, Refractory Metals and Ceramics in Lead Alloys at 700 °C
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
398
(1–3
), pp. 146
–152
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.02531.
Yamaki-Irisawa
,
E.
,
Numata
,
S.
, and
Takahashi
,
M.
, 2011
, “
Corrosion Behavior of Heat-Treated Fe-Al Coated Steel in Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Under Loading
,” Prog. Nucl. Energy
,
53
(7
), pp. 1066
–1072
.10.1016/j.pnucene.2011.05.01432.
Kurata
,
Y.
,
Yokota
,
H.
, and
Suzuki
,
T.
, 2012
, “
Development of Aluminum-Alloy Coating on Type 316SS for Nuclear Systems Using Liquid Lead-Bismuth
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
424
(1–3
), pp. 237
–246
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.03.01833.
Kurata
,
Y.
, 2011
, “
Corrosion Experiments and Materials Developed for the Japanese HLM Systems
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
415
(3
), pp. 254
–259
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.04.03934.
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Jianu
,
A.
,
An
,
W.
,
Fetzer
,
R.
,
Giacco
,
M. D.
,
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Müller
,
G.
,
Markov
,
V. G.
, and
Kasthanov
,
A. D.
, 2012
, “
Creep, Creep-Rupture Tests of Al-Surface-Alloyed T91 Steel in Liquid Lead Bismuth at 500 and 550 °C
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
431
(1–3
), pp. 77
–84
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.11.02735.
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Müller
,
G.
,
Muscher
,
H.
, and
Rousanov
,
A.
, 2008
, “
T91 Cladding Tubes With and Without Modified FeCrAlY Coatings Exposed in LBE at Different Flow, Stress and Temperature Conditions
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
376
(3
), pp. 274
–281
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.02.02636.
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Schroer
,
C.
,
Jianu
,
A.
,
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Konys
,
J.
,
Steiner
,
H.
,
Müller
,
G.
,
Fazio
,
C.
,
Gessi
,
A.
,
Babayan
,
S.
,
Kobzova
,
A.
,
Martinelli
,
L.
,
Ginestar
,
K.
,
Balbaud-Célerier
,
F.
,
Martín-Muñoz
,
F. J.
, and
Soler Crespo
,
L.
, 2011
, “
Long Term Corrosion on T91 and AISI1 316 L Steel in Flowing Lead Alloy and Corrosion Protection Barrier Development: Experiments and Models
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
415
(3
), pp. 260
–269
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.04.02837.
Dai
,
Y.
,
Boutellier
,
V.
,
Gavillet
,
D.
,
Glasbrenner
,
H.
,
Weisenburger
,
A.
, and
Wagner
,
W.
, 2012
, “
FeCrAlY and TiN Coatings on T91 Steel After Irradiation With 72 MeV Protons in Flowing LBE
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
431
(1–3
), pp. 66
–76
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.11.00638.
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Fazio
,
C.
,
Müller
,
G.
,
Markow
,
V. G.
, and
Kastanov
,
A. D.
, 2008
, “
Low Cycle Fatigue Tests of Surface Modified T91 Steel in 10−6 wt% Oxygen Containing Pb45Bi55 at 550 °C
,” J. Nucl. Mater..
,
377
(1
), pp. 261
–267
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.02.07539.
Lim
,
J.
,
Nam
,
H. O.
,
Hwang
,
I. S.
, and
Kim
,
J. H.
, 2010
, “
A Study of Early Corrosion Behaviors of FeCrAl Alloys in Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Environments
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
407
(3
), pp. 205
–210
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.10.01840.
Glasbrenner
,
H.
, and
Gröschel
,
F.
, 2006
, “
Exposure of Pre-Stressed T91 Coated With TiN, CrN and DLC to Pb-55.5Bi
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
356
(1–3
), pp. 213
–221
.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.05.03841.
Li
,
D.
,
Chen
,
J. F.
,
Zou
,
C.
,
Ma
,
J.
,
Li
,
P.
, and
Li
,
Y.
, 2014
, “
Effects of Al Concentrations on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Al-N Films Deposited by RF-ICPIS Enhanced Magnetron Sputtering
,” J. Alloys Compd.
,
609
, pp. 239
–243
.10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.04.08742.
Wulf
,
S. E.
,
Krauss
,
W.
, and
Konys
,
J.
, 2016
, “
Corrosion Resistance of Al-Based Coatings in Flowing Pb-15.7Li Produced by Aluminum Electrodeposition From Ionic Liquids
,” Nucl. Mater. Eng.
,
9
, pp. 519
–523
10.1016/j.nme.2016.03.008.43.
Wulf
,
S. E.
,
Krauss
,
W.
, and
Konys
,
J.
, 2018
, “
Long-Term Corrosion Behavior of Al-Based Coatings in Flowing Pb-15.7Li, Produced by Electrochemical ECX Process
,” Nucl. Mater. Eng.
,
16
, pp. 158
–162
.10.1016/j.nme.2018.06.01944.
Müller
,
G.
,
Heinzel
,
A.
,
Konys
,
J.
,
Schumacher
,
G.
,
Weisenburger
,
A.
,
Zimmermann
,
F.
,
Engelko
,
V.
,
Rusanov
,
A.
, and
Markov
,
V.
, 2006
, “
Results of Steel Corrosion Tests in Flowing Liquid Pb/Bi at 420-600 °C After 200 h
,” J. Nucl. Mater.
,
356
, pp. 213–221. Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.